eHuzhou Countries

Language Overview Official language is German. High German is used as the standard language in the national media and as a written language. The numerous regional dialects sometimes deviate greatly from High German, with the use of the dialect being common, especially in the southern German-speaking area. A large part of the population speaks English as a foreign language. French, Spanish, Russian and Latin are also taught at the schools. In western North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, Dutch is also…

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The foreign influence, which exerted itself so profoundly on the epic of chivalry, made itself felt, albeit to a lesser extent, also on the courtesan lyric. This, which is not a direct development of the ancient motifs of the national opera of the previous century, represented, for example, by Kürenberger and Dietmar von Eist, Austrians, still strangers, especially the former, to neo-Latin influences, took place under the fascination of Provencal lyric, and it was especially a lyric of love, hence…

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A world very different from that of the courtesan epic stands before us with the national epic. Naturally this too could not escape the formal influence of Christianity and chivalry, but the moral and psychological background remained largely that of pagan barbarism; not gallant feats of isolated individuals, courteous manners, skirmishes of love based on infidelity and adultery, changing sensations and languid pangs; but, under the enterprises and misfortunes of individuals, the destinies of peoples, fatalities and frightful massacres, which…

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Faced with the art of his two predecessors, in which the somewhat frivolous atmosphere of court life is still reflected, stands the solitary and severe high spiritual world of Wolfram von Eschenbach, the greatest poetic genius of the Germanic Middle Ages, the poet of Parzival, of which it is only known that he was of a noble family of central Franconia, who between 1203 and 1215 lived at the court of the Landgrave Hermann of Thuringia, and who, being illiterate, had…

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The epoch that followed and that could be delimited from 1180 to about 1350, that is from the advent of Arrigo VI to the great interregnum, had in Germany the characteristics of an epoch of greatness for all aspects of life: political power and glory of fortunate warlike enterprises, increased well-being of all social classes, magnificence of courtly life, full splendor of chivalry no longer opposed by the Church, but at the service of this and ideally consecrated by her…

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Luther can preach undisturbed in Leipzig, Butzer in Bonn, under the indulgent eyes of the archbishop of Cologne. The needs of the international situation forced the emperor and pope to be compliant: conferences of theologians of the two sides were allowed, in Worms, in Regensburg (1540-41) who reached an agreement on half a dozen articles: Charles V showed himself to be very conciliatory, who in Regensburg (1541) gave the representatives of the Protestant states the secret promise not to demand…

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According to THEMOTORCYCLERS, the victory over religious and social radicalism strengthened the principles, but stifled the most fruitful germs of the new faith. Luther, worried about the unexpected developments of his doctrine, saw the dangers of the lack of a hierarchy and an ecclesiastical discipline: he expressly invited the evangelical princes to carry out the visitationes of the churches of their states, like, before, the bishops: that is, to take over the direction of their respective churches. Lutheranism never departed from this…

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According to RELATIONSHIPSPLUS, the movement found its auctioneer in Luther. Preachers of reform, interpreters of the widespread sentiment against Rome and Roman greed, echoing the conciliar doctrines, had existed even before Luther: very violent diatribes had already been unleashed between this and that religious order, between Augustinians and Dominicans. “Beghe fratesche”, in the words of Ulrich von Hutten. This too by Luther seemed, at first, to be of the kind. But it had never happened that a prince, the elector…

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In the meantime, in a solitary position, since 1891 Stefan George with few faithful, had begun in the Blätter für die Kunst (1892-1919) his activity for a more essential and profound understanding of art and its value for men. Although he too originally moved from the French symbolists, he had found there only an experience in the evolution of the group’s thought, for which art rose to religious value, and the cult of art to severe discipline, and the elevation of life-enhancing…

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Instead, precisely Hauptmann was to become the representative personality of the transitional character that the movement had had. After only four years, the dramatic fairy tale The submerged bell (1896) already showed Hauptmann on a new and different path: symbolism. And, if they were not lacking, the returns to the naturalistic tone, from Fuhrmann Henschel (1898) to Rose Bernd (1903), were never definitive: already in the same year of the Webers, another drama Hanneles Himmelfahrt (1895) revealed deeper aspirations of his spirit. And the dominant character of his personality,…

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But the troops who in ’71, returning from Paris, to Berlin, past the Brandenburg Arch, paraded through Unter den Linden amid the cheers of the cheering people, carried with them the danger of an evil that is perhaps for individuals like for peoples the greatest: the spirit of sufficiency. To the vast spiritual influence that Gemiania had exerted on all of Europe from Madame de Stäel onwards, was now added political power, to which the development of industrial civilization was…

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Rejected from the “larger world” into the “smaller world” of intimate life, the poem thus discovered how much wealth that “little world” could contain. Already A. Stifter (1805-1868), heir to the sweet quiet spirit of Vormärz’s Austria, had asked the solitudes of the forest, the observation of the subtle and slight movements of the soul, the deepest secret of life, and had entitled Studien (1844-50) and Bunte Staine (1852) humbly his compositions, eventually rising to the calm serenity of Nachsommer (1857). “Im engsten Ringe – im stillsten Herzen…

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But precisely for this reason, when 1948 also failed in Germany and the interpreters of the revolution sought safety outside their homeland, in England, in Switzerland, in France, and the reaction regained power, the new state of mind that followed at the new generations was of concentration, and for a few years literature again began to lose interest in public life, to close itself in the search for pure poetry, to withdraw into the world of individual sentiment. By aiming…

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When in 1834 Ludolf Wienbarg (1802-1872) dedicated his programmatic Ästhetische Feldzüge to the “Junges Deutschland”, with their hymn to freedom, to reality, with their gospel of the “emancipation of the flesh”, the time was therefore ripe to welcome the new word. To the protest against political oppression, which intensified more and more after the Restoration, was added the protest against all that had been the immediate past: against the serene “Olympics” of the classics, against idealistic philosophy, against romanticism. From Federico Schlegel…

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According to LOCALBUSINESSEXPLORER, it is a poem that arises out of every possible grouping of schools and trends: a poem of men who bring into their work at most the small world to which they belong and above all bring themselves, their own subjective experience into it. Not otherwise, after the passionate romantic poems of the Peregrina cycle, E. Mörike (1804-1874), who became parish priest of Cleversulzbuch in 1834, quietly waited, for himself, to grasp the imperceptible voices of life, to translate…

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While the early romanticism had revealed a new poetic world by creating a new interiority, the new romanticism thus offered with a treasure of previously unknown national poetry a new source of inspiration. And largely to Germanic history and legend F. de la Motte Fouqué (1777-1843) resorted to for his narrative and dramatic compositions; Brentano and Arnim were inspired in various ways by Germanic history and legend; the ballad found an almost inexhaustible source of poetic motifs, from Brentano down…

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Few works of complete poetry were born: the Hymns to the night (1800), the Henry of Ofterdingen, the songs of Novalis; some chapters by Wackenroder; some lyrics and some prose by L. Tieck; some moments of Schleiermacher’s high religious prose, etc.; the rest remained in the state of fragment, of aphorism, of intuition immediately formulated: as if the internal fullness of ever new experiences left no time to elaborate and develop ideas flashing in a continuous intoxication. But what influence these discoveries immediately…

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According to GETZIPCODES, Schiller died in 1805; Little by little Humboldt was taken more and more by political activity; Goethe alone was able to continue his indefatigable work as a creator in spiritual calm, and gave the first psychological novel of the modern age in the Wahlverwandschaften (1809); and with Westöstlicher Diwan (1814) he introduced the contemplative mystical inspiration of the East in poetry; and integrated the Meister with the Wanderjahre (1829) and completed the Faust before dying(1831), reflecting in poetry the new life of the new times as the…

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According to DISEASESLEARNING, the poetry of purity of heart, in which a few years later (1787) Goethe renewed the myth of Iphigenia in a modern sense – Das Leben ist der Güter höchstes nicht, der Übel grösstes aber ist die Schuld – shows the intimate connection of this attitude with what will become the characteristic of his personality: his classicism. While in the vicinity of Madame di Stein the tumultuous waves of instinct gradually subsided and in the exercise of a practical activity…

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Herder’s pupil in Strasbourg, but a poet “by the grace of God”, and, unlike the Stürmer und Dränger Goethe (v.) was the real creator of this new poem, also bearing in poetry, by internal necessity of his own nature, that “divine harmonious order” that Herder recognized as the “presence of God in the universe”. That sense of the “becoming” of life, for which the new times had come more and more clearly opposing the static rationalistic conception, that new sense of the…

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The poet thus ceases to be the professor who has studied the rules on poetry of the past or the gentleman who “anoints the rim of the vase with sweet licor” to pour out his precepts. Now delicate like Hölty, now rough and impulsive like Voss, now turbid and restless like Bürger, now soft at the bottom and incapable of inner balance like Stolberg under the mystical influence of Gallitzin, poets are emotional natures, dominated by their own emotions. The…

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Germany diminished interest in deductive reasoning, and instinctive turning of reflection to the immediacy of life; direct observation of reality; development of the critical spirit in contact with experience, independently of any ideology, were the first elements of this deepening for which the Aufklärung, ceasing to be an epilogue of the past, generated new orientations, beyond what had initially been the its limit. While Popularphilosophie (M. Mendelssohn, 1729-1786; F. Nicolai, 1733-1811; etc.) continued to support the now tranquil rationalistic current, limiting itself to…

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The tertiary sector as a whole has the largest shares of GDP produced and of employees (68.9% of GDP and about 65% of the workforce), with considerable sectoral productivity. For a majority of these figures, these are service activities intended for businesses, that is to say, to support the enormous production sector mentioned so far. The communications system, which is very dense and well equipped, has a similar purpose, both as regards roads and motorways, and for the railways. The…

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